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How Many General Purpose Registers Does The Mips Have And What Are They Named?

Written By Friday, March 18, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Didactics set architecture

MIPS
Designer MIPS Technologies, Imagination Technologies
Bits 64-bit (32 → 64)
Introduced 1985; 37 years agone  (1985)
Version MIPS32/64 Release 6 (2014)
Design RISC
Type Annals-Annals
Encoding Fixed
Branching Compare and branch
Endianness Bi
Page size four KB
Extensions MDMX, MIPS-3D
Open Partly. The R12000 processor has been on the market for more than than twenty years and and so cannot be subject to patent claims. Therefore, the R12000 and older processors are fully open up.
Registers
General purpose 32
Floating point 32

MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages)[one] is a family of reduced instruction set up computer (RISC) instruction set architectures (ISA)[2] : A-1 [3] : 19 developed by MIPS Computer Systems, at present MIPS Technologies, based in the United States.

There are multiple versions of MIPS: including MIPS I, Ii, III, IV, and V; as well every bit five releases of MIPS32/64 (for 32- and 64-chip implementations, respectively). The early MIPS architectures were 32-chip; 64-bit versions were developed after. Equally of April 2017, the electric current version of MIPS is MIPS32/64 Release 6.[iv] [v] MIPS32/64 primarily differs from MIPS I–Five by defining the privileged kernel mode System Control Coprocessor in addition to the user style architecture.

The MIPS architecture has several optional extensions. MIPS-3D which is a unproblematic set of floating-bespeak SIMD instructions dedicated to common 3D tasks,[6] MDMX (MaDMaX) which is a more all-encompassing integer SIMD pedagogy set up using the 64-fleck floating-point registers, MIPS16e which adds compression to the instruction stream to brand programs accept up less room,[vii] and MIPS MT, which adds multithreading adequacy.[8]

Figurer compages courses in universities and technical schools oftentimes written report the MIPS architecture.[9] The architecture greatly influenced later RISC architectures such every bit Blastoff. In March 2021, MIPS announced that the development of the MIPS compages had ended equally the company is making the transition to RISC-5.[10]

History [edit]

The first version of the MIPS architecture was designed by MIPS Reckoner Systems for its R2000 microprocessor, the starting time MIPS implementation. Both MIPS and the R2000 were introduced together in 1985.[ citation needed ] When MIPS II was introduced, MIPS was renamed MIPS I to distinguish information technology from the new version.[3] : 32

MIPS Computer Systems' R6000 microprocessor (1989) was the first MIPS 2 implementation.[3] : 8 Designed for servers, the R6000 was fabricated and sold by Bipolar Integrated Engineering, only was a commercial failure. During the mid-1990s, many new 32-bit MIPS processors for embedded systems were MIPS II implementations considering the introduction of the 64-bit MIPS Iii architecture in 1991 left MIPS II as the newest 32-chip MIPS architecture until MIPS32 was introduced in 1999.[3] : 19

MIPS Computer Systems' R4000 microprocessor (1991) was the get-go MIPS III implementation. It was designed for use in personal, workstation, and server computers. MIPS Reckoner Systems aggressively promoted the MIPS architecture and R4000, establishing the Advanced Computing Environs (ACE) consortium to advance its Avant-garde RISC Computing (ARC) standard, which aimed to establish MIPS as the dominant personal computing platform. ARC found picayune success in personal computers, just the R4000 (and the R4400 derivative) were widely used in workstation and server computers, especially past its largest user, Silicon Graphics. Other uses of the R4000 included high-end embedded systems and supercomputers. MIPS Three was eventually implemented by a number of embedded microprocessors. Breakthrough Effect Pattern'southward R4600 (1993) and its derivatives was widely used in high-end embedded systems and depression-end workstations and servers. MIPS Technologies' R4200 (1994), was designed for embedded systems, laptop, and personal computers. A derivative, the R4300i, fabricated by NEC Electronics, was used in the Nintendo 64 game panel. The Nintendo 64, along with the PlayStation, were amongst the highest volume users of MIPS architecture processors in the mid-1990s.

The first MIPS IV implementation was the MIPS Technologies R8000 microprocessor chipset (1994). The blueprint of the R8000 began at Silicon Graphics, Inc. and it was only used in high-end workstations and servers for scientific and technical applications where loftier performance on large floating-point workloads was important. Afterward implementations were the MIPS Technologies R10000 (1996) and the Quantum Issue Devices R5000 (1996) and RM7000 (1998). The R10000, fabricated and sold past NEC Electronics and Toshiba, and its derivatives were used by NEC, Pyramid Technology, Silicon Graphics, and Tandem Computers (amongst others) in workstations, servers, and supercomputers. The R5000 and R7000 found use in high-cease embedded systems, personal computers, and low-end workstations and servers. A derivative of the R5000 from Toshiba, the R5900, was used in Sony Computer Entertainment's Emotion Engine, which powered its PlayStation 2 game panel.

Announced on October 21, 1996, at the Microprocessor Forum 1996 alongside the MIPS Digital Media Extensions (MDMX) extension, MIPS V was designed to improve the performance of 3D graphics transformations.[11] In the mid-1990s, a major use of not-embedded MIPS microprocessors were graphics workstations from Silicon Graphics. MIPS Five was completed by the integer-simply MDMX extension to provide a consummate system for improving the functioning of 3D graphics applications.[12] MIPS 5 implementations were never introduced. On May 12, 1997, Silicon Graphics appear the H1 ("Beast") and H2 ("Capitan") microprocessors. The former was to take been the first MIPS V implementation, and was due to be introduced in the first half of 1999.[13] The H1 and H2 projects were later combined and eventually canceled in 1998. While at that place accept not been any MIPS V implementations, MIPS64 Release 1 (1999) was based on MIPS V and retains all of its features equally an optional Coprocessor 1 (FPU) feature chosen Paired-Unmarried.

When MIPS Technologies was spun-out of Silicon Graphics in 1998, it refocused on the embedded market place. Through MIPS 5, each successive version was a strict superset of the previous version, merely this belongings was found to be a trouble,[ citation needed ] and the architecture definition was changed to ascertain a 32-fleck and a 64-bit architecture: MIPS32 and MIPS64. Both were introduced in 1999.[xiv] MIPS32 is based on MIPS II with some additional features from MIPS Iii, MIPS 4, and MIPS V; MIPS64 is based on MIPS V.[fourteen] NEC, Toshiba and SiByte (later caused by Broadcom) each obtained licenses for MIPS64 equally before long as information technology was appear. Philips, LSI Logic, IDT, Raza Microelectronics, Inc., Cavium, Loongson Engineering and Ingenic Semiconductor have since joined them. MIPS32/MIPS64 Release five was announced on December 6, 2012.[xv] Release 4 was skipped considering the number four is perceived as unlucky in many Asian cultures.[16]

In December 2018, Wave Calculating, the new owner of the MIPS compages, appear that MIPS ISA would exist open-sourced in a program dubbed the MIPS Open initiative.[17] The program was intended to open up access to the about recent versions of both the 32-bit and 64-bit designs making them bachelor without any licensing or royalty fees equally well equally granting participants licenses to existing MIPS patents.[xviii] [nineteen] [twenty]

In March 2019, ane version of the architecture was made available under a royalty-gratis license,[21] only later that twelvemonth the program was close downwardly over again.[22]

In March 2021, Moving ridge Computing announced that the development of the MIPS architecture has ceased. The company has joined the RISC-V foundation and future processor designs will be based on the RISC-5 compages.[23] [24] In spite of this, some licensees such equally Longsoon continue with new extension of MIPS-compatible ISAs on their own.[25]

Design [edit]

MIPS is a modular compages supporting up to four coprocessors (CP0/1/2/3). In MIPS terminology, CP0 is the Organisation Command Coprocessor (an essential part of the processor that is implementation-defined in MIPS I–V), CP1 is an optional floating-point unit of measurement (FPU) and CP2/three are optional implementation-defined coprocessors (MIPS III removed CP3 and reused its opcodes for other purposes). For instance, in the PlayStation video game panel, CP2 is the Geometry Transformation Engine (GTE), which accelerates the processing of geometry in 3D figurer graphics.

Versions [edit]

MIPS I [edit]

MIPS is a load/store compages (also known as a annals-register architecture); except for the load/store instructions used to admission memory, all instructions operate on the registers.

Registers [edit]

MIPS I has thirty-two 32-bit full general-purpose registers (GPR). Register $0 is hardwired to zero and writes to it are discarded. Register $31 is the link register. For integer multiplication and division instructions, which run asynchronously from other instructions, a pair of 32-bit registers, HI and LO, are provided. There is a small-scale set of instructions for copying data between the general-purpose registers and the Hello/LO registers.

The plan counter has 32 bits. The two depression-society bits ever comprise zero since MIPS I instructions are 32 bits long and are aligned to their natural word boundaries.

Instruction formats [edit]

Instructions are divided into iii types: R (register), I (immediate), and J (jump). Every instruction starts with a half dozen-fleck opcode. In addition to the opcode, R-type instructions specify three registers, a shift amount field, and a function field; I-blazon instructions specify two registers and a 16-bit immediate value; J-type instructions follow the opcode with a 26-bit jump target.[two] : A-174

The following are the three formats used for the core instruction set:

Type -31-                                 format (bits)                                 -0-
R opcode (half-dozen) rs (5) rt (5) rd (five) shamt (5) funct (6)
I opcode (vi) rs (5) rt (5) immediate (16)
J opcode (6) address (26)

CPU instructions [edit]

MIPS I has instructions that load and store eight-bit bytes, 16-bit halfwords, and 32-flake words. Only i addressing mode is supported: base + displacement. Since MIPS I is a 32-bit architecture, loading quantities fewer than 32 bits requires the datum to be either signed- or zero-extended to 32 bits. The load instructions suffixed past "unsigned" perform nil extension; otherwise sign extension is performed. Load instructions source the base from the contents of a GPR (rs) and write the result to another GPR (rt). Store instructions source the base from the contents of a GPR (rs) and the store data from some other GPR (rt). All load and store instructions compute the retention address by summing the base with the sign-extended 16-bit immediate. MIPS I requires all memory accesses to exist aligned to their natural word boundaries, otherwise an exception is signaled. To support efficient unaligned retentiveness accesses, there are load/store discussion instructions suffixed by "left" or "correct". All load instructions are followed past a load delay slot. The instruction in the load delay slot cannot employ the data loaded by the load educational activity. The load delay slot can be filled with an instruction that is not dependent on the load; a nop is substituted if such an instruction cannot be found.

MIPS I has instructions to perform addition and subtraction. These instructions source their operands from ii GPRs (rs and rt), and write the consequence to a third GPR (rd). Alternatively, addition tin can source i of the operands from a 16-bit firsthand (which is sign-extended to 32 bits). The instructions for addition and subtraction accept two variants: by default, an exception is signaled if the result overflows; instructions with the "unsigned" suffix do non signal an exception. The overflow check interprets the result as a 32-bit two's complement integer. MIPS I has instructions to perform bitwise logical AND, OR, XOR, and NOR. These instructions source their operands from two GPRs and write the outcome to a third GPR. The AND, OR, and XOR instructions tin alternatively source one of the operands from a xvi-flake immediate (which is zero-extended to 32 $.25). The Assault relation instructions write one or cypher to the destination register if the specified relation is true or false. These instructions source their operands from two GPRs or 1 GPR and a xvi-flake immediate (which is sign-extended to 32 bits), and write the result to a third GPR. By default, the operands are interpreted as signed integers. The variants of these instructions that are suffixed with "unsigned" translate the operands as unsigned integers (even those that source an operand from the sign-extended sixteen-bit firsthand).

The Load Immediate Upper pedagogy copies the sixteen-bit immediate into the high-order 16 bits of a GPR. Information technology is used in conjunction with the Or Immediate teaching to load a 32-bit immediate into a register.

MIPS I has instructions to perform left and correct logical shifts and right arithmetics shifts. The operand is obtained from a GPR (rt), and the result is written to some other GPR (rd). The shift distance is obtained from either a GPR (rs) or a five-bit "shift amount" (the "sa" field).

MIPS I has instructions for signed and unsigned integer multiplication and division. These instructions source their operands from 2 GPRs and write their results to a pair of 32-fleck registers called HI and LO, since they may execute separately from (and concurrently with) the other CPU instructions. For multiplication, the high- and low-order halves of the 64-bit product is written to HI and LO (respectively). For partition, the quotient is written to LO and the residuum to How-do-you-do. To access the results, a pair of instructions (Move from HI and Move from LO) is provided to copy the contents of How-do-you-do or LO to a GPR. These instructions are interlocked: reads of HI and LO practice not proceed past an unfinished arithmetic instruction that will write to HI and LO. Another pair of instructions (Motion to HI or Move to LO) copies the contents of a GPR to Howdy and LO. These instructions are used to restore Hullo and LO to their original state afterwards exception handling. Instructions that read HI or LO must be separated past two instructions that do non write to How-do-you-do or LO.

All MIPS I command flow instructions are followed by a branch delay slot. Unless the branch delay slot is filled by an instruction performing useful work, an nop is substituted. MIPS I branch instructions compare the contents of a GPR (rs) confronting zero or another GPR (rt) equally signed integers and co-operative if the specified condition is true. Control is transferred to the address computed by shifting the xvi-bit offset left by 2 bits, sign-extending the eighteen-bit consequence, and adding the 32-bit sign-extended event to the sum of the plan counter (education accost) and 810. Jumps accept 2 versions: absolute and register-indirect. Absolute jumps ("Jump" and "Jump and Link") compute the address command is transferred to by shifting the 26-bit instr_index left by two bits and concatenating the 28-fleck result with the four high-order bits of the address of the instruction in the branch delay slot. Register-indirect jumps transfer control to the instruction at the address sourced from a GPR (rs). The address sourced from the GPR must be word-aligned, else an exception is signaled afterwards the instruction in the branch delay slot is executed. Co-operative and bound instructions that link (except for "Spring and Link Register") save the return address to GPR 31. The "Spring and Link Annals" education permits the return accost to be saved to any writable GPR.

MIPS I has two instructions for software to signal an exception: System Call and Breakpoint. System Phone call is used by user style software to make kernel calls; and Breakpoint is used to transfer control to a debugger via the kernel's exception handler. Both instructions take a 20-bit Lawmaking field that can contain operating environment-specific information for the exception handler.

MIPS has 32 floating-point registers. Two registers are paired for double precision numbers. Odd numbered registers cannot exist used for arithmetics or branching, just every bit part of a double precision register pair, resulting in sixteen usable registers for most instructions (moves/copies and loads/stores were not affected).

Unmarried precision is denoted by the .south suffix, while double precision is denoted by the .d suffix.

MIPS II [edit]

MIPS Two removed the load filibuster slot[3] : 41 and added several sets of instructions. For shared-retention multiprocessing, the Synchronize Shared Retention, Load Linked Word, and Store Conditional Word instructions were added. A prepare of Trap-on-Condition instructions were added. These instructions caused an exception if the evaluated condition is true. All existing co-operative instructions were given branch-likely versions that executed the pedagogy in the branch delay slot simply if the branch is taken.[3] : forty These instructions amend operation in certain cases by allowing useful instructions to fill up the branch delay slot.[3] : 212 Doubleword load and store instructions for COP1–3 were added. Consistent with other memory admission instructions, these loads and stores required the doubleword to be naturally aligned.

The pedagogy fix for the floating point coprocessor also had several instructions added to it. An IEEE 754-compliant floating-point square root instruction was added. It supported both single- and double-precision operands. A prepare of instructions that converted single- and double-precision floating-point numbers to 32-flake words were added. These complemented the existing conversion instructions by assuasive the IEEE rounding way to be specified by the instruction instead of the Floating Signal Command and Status Register.

MIPS Three [edit]

MIPS 3 is a backwards-compatible extension of MIPS Two that added back up for 64-chip retention addressing and integer operations. The 64-bit data blazon is called a doubleword, and MIPS III extended the general-purpose registers, HI/LO registers, and program counter to 64 bits to support it. New instructions were added to load and store doublewords, to perform integer addition, subtraction, multiplication, partition, and shift operations on them, and to movement doubleword betwixt the GPRs and Hullo/LO registers. Existing instructions originally defined to operate on 32-bit words were redefined, where necessary, to sign-extend the 32-bit results to permit words and doublewords to be treated identically by almost instructions. Amidst those instructions redefined was Load Word. In MIPS III it sign-extends words to 64 $.25. To complement Load Word, a version that nil-extends was added.

The R pedagogy format's inability to specify the full shift altitude for 64-bit shifts (its 5-bit shift amount field is too narrow to specify the shift altitude for doublewords) required MIPS Iii to provide three 64-bit versions of each MIPS I shift instruction. The commencement version is a 64-bit version of the original shift instructions, used to specify constant shift distances of 0–31 $.25. The 2d version is similar to the first, but adds 32x the shift amount field's value so that constant shift distances of 32–64 bits tin exist specified. The third version obtains the shift distance from the six low-guild $.25 of a GPR.

MIPS III added a supervisor privilege level in betwixt the existing kernel and user privilege levels. This feature merely affected the implementation-divers Organization Command Processor (Coprocessor 0).

MIPS III removed the Coprocessor 3 (CP3) back up instructions, and reused its opcodes for the new doubleword instructions. The remaining coprocessors gained instructions to motility doublewords between coprocessor registers and the GPRs. The floating general registers (FGRs) were extended to 64 $.25 and the requirement for instructions to utilise even-numbered register only was removed. This is incompatible with earlier versions of the architecture; a bit in the floating-point command/status register is used to operate the MIPS Iii floating-point unit (FPU) in a MIPS I- and 2-uniform fashion. The floating-bespeak control registers were not extended for compatibility. The only new floating-point instructions added were those to copy doublewords betwixt the CPU and FPU catechumen single- and double-precision floating-indicate numbers into doubleword integers and vice versa.

MIPS IV [edit]

MIPS Iv is the fourth version of the architecture. Information technology is a superset of MIPS III and is compatible with all existing versions of MIPS. MIPS IV was designed to mainly improve floating-point (FP) performance. To improve access to operands, an indexed addressing mode (base of operations + index, both sourced from GPRs) for FP loads and stores was added, as were prefetch instructions for performing retentivity prefetching and specifying cache hints (these supported both the base of operations + offset and base + index addressing modes).

MIPS Iv added several features to improve instruction-level parallelism. To alleviate the bottleneck caused by a single condition bit, 7 condition code bits were added to the floating-betoken control and status annals, bringing the full to eight. FP comparison and co-operative instructions were redefined so they could specify which condition flake was written or read (respectively); and the delay slot in betwixt an FP branch that read the condition bit written to by a prior FP comparison was removed. Support for partial predication was added in the form of conditional movement instructions for both GPRs and FPRs; and an implementation could choose between having precise or imprecise exceptions for IEEE 754 traps.

MIPS 4 added several new FP arithmetic instructions for both single- and double-precision FPNs: fused-multiply add or subtract, reciprocal, and reciprocal square-root. The FP fused-multiply add or subtract instructions perform either ane or two roundings (it is implementation-defined), to exceed or meet IEEE 754 accurateness requirements (respectively). The FP reciprocal and reciprocal square-root instructions practice not comply with IEEE 754 accuracy requirements, and produce results that differ from the required accuracy by 1 or two units of last place (it is implementation defined). These instructions serve applications where instruction latency is more important than accuracy.

MIPS Five [edit]

MIPS 5 added a new data type, the Paired Unmarried (PS), which consisted of two single-precision (32-bit) floating-betoken numbers stored in the existing 64-bit floating-point registers. Variants of existing floating-point instructions for arithmetic, compare and conditional motion were added to operate on this data type in a SIMD fashion. New instructions were added for loading, rearranging and converting PS data.[three] : 426–429 It was the starting time instruction fix to exploit floating-bespeak SIMD with existing resources.[12]

MIPS32/MIPS64 [edit]

The beginning release of MIPS32, based on MIPS Two, added conditional moves, prefetch instructions, and other features from the R4000 and R5000 families of 64-scrap processors.[fourteen] The first release of MIPS64 adds a MIPS32 mode to run 32-bit code.[14] The MUL and MADD (multiply-add) instructions, previously bachelor in some implementations, were added to the MIPS32 and MIPS64 specifications, as were cache control instructions.[fourteen]

MIPS32/MIPS64 Release half-dozen in 2014 added the following:[26]

  • a new family of branches with no delay slot:
    • unconditional branches (BC) and branch-and-link (BALC) with a 26-bit start,
    • conditional co-operative on zero/non-zero with a 21-bit showtime,
    • full set of signed and unsigned conditional branches compare between two registers (due east.yard. BGTUC) or a register against zero (e.g. BGTZC),
    • total set of branch-and-link which compare a annals against zilch (e.g. BGTZALC).
  • index jump instructions with no delay slot designed to support large accented addresses.
  • instructions to load xvi-bit immediates at chip position 16, 32 or 48, allowing to easily generate large constants.
  • PC-relative load instructions, as well as address generation with big (PC-relative) offsets.
  • bit-reversal and byte-alignment instructions (previously but available with the DSP extension).
  • multiply and separate instructions redefined so that they apply a unmarried register for their event).
  • instructions generating truth values at present generate all zeroes or all ones instead of simply clearing/setting the 0-bit,
  • instructions using a truth value now simply interpret all-zeroes every bit false instead of simply looking at the 0-fleck.

Removed infrequently used instructions:

  • some conditional moves
  • branch probable instructions (deprecated in previous releases).
  • integer overflow trapping instructions with 16-bit immediate
  • integer accumulator instructions (together Hello/LO registers, moved to the DSP Application-Specific Extension)
  • unaligned load instructions (LWL and LWR), (requiring that almost ordinary loads and stores support misaligned access, possibly via trapping and with the addition of a new instruction (BALIGN))

Reorganized the instruction encoding, freeing space for future expansions.

microMIPS [edit]

The microMIPS32/64 architectures are supersets of the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures (respectively) designed to replace the MIPS16e ASE. A disadvantage of MIPS16e is that it requires a mode switch earlier whatsoever of its 16-bit instructions can be processed. microMIPS adds versions of the most-ofttimes used 32-chip instructions that are encoded as sixteen-bit instructions. This allows programs to intermix 16- and 32-bit instructions without having to switch modes. microMIPS was introduced alongside of MIPS32/64 Release 3, and each subsequent release of MIPS32/64 has a corresponding microMIPS32/64 version. A processor may implement microMIPS32/64 or both microMIPS32/64 and its corresponding MIPS32/64 subset. Starting with MIPS32/64 Release vi, support for MIPS16e ended, and microMIPS is the only grade of code compression in MIPS.

Application-specific extensions [edit]

The base MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures can be supplemented with a number of optional architectural extensions, which are collectively referred to equally application-specific extensions (ASEs). These ASEs provide features that improve the efficiency and performance of sure workloads, such every bit digital signal processing.

MIPS MCU
Enhancements for microcontroller applications. The MCU ASE (application-specific extension) has been developed to extend the interrupt controller support, reduce the interrupt latency and enhance the I/O peripheral control function typically required in microcontroller organization designs.
  • Separate priority and vector generation
  • Supports upwards to 256 interrupts in EIC (External Interrupt Controller) style and viii hardware interrupt pins
  • Provides xvi-fleck vector start address
  • Pre-fetching of the interrupt exception vector
  • Automated Interrupt Prologue – adds hardware to salvage and update organization status before the interrupt handling routine
  • Automated Interrupt Epilogue – restores the system state previously stored in the stack for returning from the interrupt.
  • Interrupt Chaining – supports the service of pending interrupts without the need to go out the initial interrupt routine, saving the cycles required to store and restore multiple agile interrupts
  • Supports speculative pre-fetching of the interrupt vector address. Reduces the number of interrupt service cycles by overlapping memory accesses with pipeline flushes and exception prioritization
  • Includes diminutive bit set/clear instructions which enables $.25 within an I/O register that are unremarkably used to monitor or control external peripheral functions to exist modified without interruption, ensuring the activeness is performed securely.
MIPS16
MIPS16 is an Application-Specific Extension for MIPS I through to Five designed by LSI Logic and MIPS Technologies, announced on Oct 21, 1996, alongside its first implementation, the LSI Logic TinyRISC processor.[27] MIPS16 was subsequently licensed by NEC Electronics, Philips Semiconductors, and Toshiba (among others); and implemented equally an extension to the MIPS I, II, an III architectures. MIPS16 decreases the size of application past up to 40% by using 16-bit instructions instead of 32-bit instructions' and also improves ability efficiency, the instruction cache hit rate, and is equivalent in performance to its base of operations compages.[28] It is supported by hardware and software development tools from MIPS Technologies and other providers. MIPS16e is an improved version of MIPS16 get-go supported by MIPS32 and MIPS64 Release 1. MIPS16e2 is an improved version of MIPS16 that is supported by MIPS32 and MIPS64 (upward to Release 5). Release 6 replaced information technology with microMIPS.
MIPS Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
The DSP ASE is an optional extension to the MIPS32/MIPS64 Release two and newer instruction sets which tin exist used to accelerate a large range of "media" computations—particularly audio and video. The DSP module comprises a set of instructions and land in the integer pipeline and requires minimal additional logic to implement in MIPS processor cores. Revision two of the ASE was introduced in the second half of 2006. This revision adds extra instructions to the original ASE, but is otherwise backwards-compatible with it.[29] Unlike the majority of the MIPS architecture, it's a fairly irregular ready of operations, many chosen for a particular relevance to some central algorithm. Its main novel features (vs original MIPS32):[xxx]
  • Saturating arithmetic (when a calculation overflows, deliver the representable number closest to the non-overflowed reply).
  • Stock-still-point arithmetics on signed 32- and 16-bit fixed-bespeak fractions with a range of -1 to +1 (these are widely called "Q31" and "Q15").
  • The existing integer multiplication and multiply-accumulate instructions, which deliver results into a double-size accumulator (called "hi/lo" and 64 bits on MIPS32 CPUs). The DSP ASE adds iii more accumulators, and some different flavours of multiply-accumulate.
  • SIMD instructions operating on 4 x unsigned bytes or ii x 16-bit values packed into a 32-bit register (the 64-bit variant of the DSP ASE supports larger vectors, too).
  • SIMD operations are basic arithmetic, shifts and some multiply-accumulate type operations.
MIPS SIMD architecture (MSA)
Instruction fix extensions designed to accelerate multimedia.
  • 32 vector registers of 16 x 8-bit, 8 x sixteen-chip, four x 32-bit, and ii x 64 bit vector elements
  • Efficient vector parallel arithmetics operations on integer, fixed-point and floating-point information
  • Operations on absolute value operands
  • Rounding and saturation options bachelor
  • Full precision multiply and multiply-add
  • Conversions betwixt integer, floating-indicate, and fixed-indicate data
  • Complete fix of vector-level compare and co-operative instructions with no condition flag
  • Vector (1D) and assortment (second) shuffle operations
  • Typed load and shop instructions for endian-independent operation
  • IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic 754-2008 compliant
  • Element precise floating-point exception signaling
  • Pre-defined scalable extensions for chips with more gates/transistors
  • Accelerates compute-intensive applications in conjunction with leveraging generic compiler support
  • Software-programmable solution for consumer electronics applications or functions not covered by dedicated hardware
  • Emerging information mining, characteristic extraction, image and video processing, and human-estimator interaction applications
  • Loftier-performance scientific computing
MIPS virtualization
Hardware supported virtualization engineering.
MIPS multi-threading
Each multi-threaded MIPS core can support upward to 2 VPEs (Virtual Processing Elements) which share a unmarried pipeline also as other hardware resource. However, since each VPE includes a consummate copy of the processor state equally seen past the software system, each VPE appears as a complete standalone processor to an SMP Linux operating organisation. For more than fine-grained thread processing applications, each VPE is capable of supporting upward to 9 TCs allocated across ii VPEs. The TCs share a common execution unit but each has its ain programme counter and core register files so that each can handle a thread from the software. The MIPS MT compages also allows the allocation of processor cycles to threads, and sets the relative thread priorities with an optional Quality of Service (QoS) manager block. This enables ii prioritization mechanisms that determine the flow of data across the bus. The first mechanism allows the user to prioritize ane thread over some other. The 2nd mechanism is used to allocate a specified ratio of the cycles to specific threads over fourth dimension. The combined apply of both mechanisms allows effective allocation of bandwidth to the set up of threads, and meliorate control of latencies. In real-time systems, organization-level determinism is very critical, and the QoS block facilitates comeback of the predictability of a system. Hardware designers of advanced systems may supercede the standard QoS cake provided past MIPS Technologies with ane that is specifically tuned for their application.
SmartMIPS
SmartMIPS is an Application-Specific Extension (ASE) designed by Gemplus International and MIPS Technologies to improve performance and reduce memory consumption for smart card software. It is supported by MIPS32 only, since smart cards do not crave the capabilities of MIPS64 processors. Few smart cards apply SmartMIPS.
MIPS Digital Media eXtension (MDMX)
Multimedia application accelerations that were mutual in the 1990s on RISC and CISC systems.
MIPS-3D
Additional instructions for improving the operation of 3D graphics applications

Calling conventions [edit]

MIPS has had several calling conventions, especially on the 32-chip platform.

The O32 ABI is the well-nigh unremarkably-used ABI, owing to its status as the original System V ABI for MIPS.[31] [32] It is strictly stack-based, with only 4 registers $a0-$a3 bachelor to pass arguments. Infinite on the stack is reserved in instance the callee needs to relieve its arguments, only the registers are not stored there by the caller. The return value is stored in register $v0; a 2nd return value may be stored in $v1. The ABI took shape in 1990 and was last updated in 1994. This perceived slowness, along with an antique floating-point model with merely sixteen registers, has encouraged the proliferation of many other calling conventions. Information technology is but defined for 32-flake MIPS, but GCC has created a 64-bit variation called O64.[33]

For 64-bit, the N64 ABI past Silicon Graphics is most commonly used. The about important comeback is that 8 registers are at present available for argument passing; information technology also increases the number of floating-betoken registers to 32. There is also an ILP32 version chosen N32, which uses 32-flake pointers for smaller lawmaking, analogous to the x32 ABI. Both run nether the 64-chip fashion of the CPU.[33] The N32 and N64 ABIs pass the first eight arguments to a role in the registers $a0-$a7; subsequent arguments are passed on the stack. The return value (or a arrow to it) is stored in the registers $v0; a second return value may be stored in $v1. In both the N32 and N64 ABIs all registers are considered to exist 64-$.25 wide.

A few attempts have been made to supplant O32 with a 32-bit ABI that resembles N32 more than. A 1995 conference came upwards with MIPS EABI, for which the 32-fleck version was quite similar.[34] EABI inspired MIPS Technologies to advise a more radical "NUBI" ABI additionally reuse argument registers for the return value.[35] MIPS EABI is supported past GCC but non LLVM, and neither supports NUBI.

For all of O32 and N32/N64, the return address is stored in a $ra register. This is automatically ready with the employ of the JAL (spring and link) or JALR (jump and link register) instructions. The function prologue of a (non-leaf) MIPS subroutine pushes the return address (in $ra) to the stack.[36] [37]

On both O32 and N32/N64 the stack grows downwards, but the N32/N64 ABIs require 64-fleck alignment for all stack entries. The frame pointer ($xxx) is optional and in practice rarely used except when the stack allocation in a office is determined at runtime, for example, by calling alloca().

For N32 and N64, the return address is typically stored 8 bytes before the stack pointer although this may exist optional.

For the N32 and N64 ABIs, a office must preserve the $S0-$s7 registers, the global pointer ($gp or $28), the stack pointer ($sp or $29) and the frame pointer ($30). The O32 ABI is the same except the calling office is required to save the $gp annals instead of the chosen function.

For multi-threaded code, the thread local storage pointer is typically stored in special hardware register $29 and is accessed by using the mfhw (motility from hardware) education. At least one vendor is known to store this information in the $k0 register which is normally reserved for kernel utilise, but this is not standard.

The $k0 and $k1 registers ($26–$27) are reserved for kernel use and should not be used by applications since these registers can be changed at any time by the kernel due to interrupts, context switches or other events.

Registers for O32 calling convention
Name Number Use Callee must preserve?
$zero $0 constant 0 N/A
$at $ane assembler temporary No
$v0–$v1 $2–$3 values for part returns and expression evaluation No
$a0–$a3 $4–$7 function arguments No
$t0–$t7 $viii–$15 temporaries No
$s0–$s7 $16–$23 saved temporaries Yes
$t8–$t9 $24–$25 temporaries No
$k0–$k1 $26–$27 reserved for OS kernel N/A
$gp $28 global pointer Yeah (except Flick code)
$sp $29 stack arrow Yes
$fp $30 frame pointer Yes
$ra $31 render address Due north/A
Registers for N32 and N64 calling conventions[38]
Name Number Utilise Callee must preserve?
$zip $0 constant 0 N/A
$at $1 assembler temporary No
$v0–$v1 $2–$three values for office returns and expression evaluation No
$a0–$a7 $4–$11 function arguments No
$t4–$t7 $12–$15 temporaries No
$s0–$s7 $16–$23 saved temporaries Yes
$t8–$t9 $24–$25 temporaries No
$k0–$k1 $26–$27 reserved for Os kernel N/A
$gp $28 global pointer Aye
$sp $29 stack pointer Yes
$s8 $xxx frame pointer Yes
$ra $31 return address Due north/A

Registers that are preserved across a call are registers that (by convention) volition non be changed by a system call or process (part) call. For case, $s-registers must be saved to the stack by a procedure that needs to use them, and $sp and $fp are always incremented by constants, and decremented dorsum after the procedure is washed with them (and the memory they point to). By contrast, $ra is changed automatically by any normal function call (ones that use jal), and $t-registers must be saved past the program before any procedure call (if the program needs the values inside them after the telephone call).

The userspace calling convention of position-independent code on Linux additionally requires that when a function is called the $t9 register must contain the address of that function.[39] This convention dates dorsum to the System 5 ABI supplement for MIPS.[forty]

Uses [edit]

MIPS processors are used in embedded systems such every bit residential gateways and routers. Originally, MIPS was designed for general-purpose computing. During the 1980s and 1990s, MIPS processors for personal, workstation, and server computers were used by many companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation, MIPS Computer Systems, NEC, Pyramid Technology, SiCortex, Siemens Nixdorf, Silicon Graphics, and Tandem Computers.

Historically, video game consoles such as the Nintendo 64, Sony PlayStation, PlayStation ii, and PlayStation Portable used MIPS processors. MIPS processors likewise used to be popular in supercomputers during the 1990s, just all such systems have dropped off the TOP500 list. These uses were complemented past embedded applications at first, only during the 1990s, MIPS became a major presence in the embedded processor marketplace, and by the 2000s, virtually MIPS processors were for these applications.

In the mid- to tardily-1990s, it was estimated that one in iii RISC microprocessors produced was a MIPS processor.[41]

By the late 2010s, MIPS machines were still commonly used in embedded markets, including automotive, wireless router, LTE modems (mainly via MediaTek), and microcontrollers (for example the Microchip Engineering PIC32M). They have mostly faded out of the personal, server, and application space.

Simulators [edit]

Open Virtual Platforms (OVP)[42] includes the freely bachelor for non-commercial utilise simulator OVPsim, a library of models of processors, peripherals and platforms, and APIs which enable users to develop their own models. The models in the library are open source, written in C, and include the MIPS 4K, 24K, 34K, 74K, 1004K, 1074K, M14K, microAptiv, interAptiv, proAptiv 32-bit cores and the MIPS 64-bit 5K range of cores. These models are created and maintained by Imperas[43] and in partnership with MIPS Technologies have been tested and assigned the MIPS-Verified mark. Sample MIPS-based platforms include both bare metal environments and platforms for booting unmodified Linux binary images. These platforms–emulators are available as source or binaries and are fast, free for non-commercial usage, and are easy to use. OVPsim is developed and maintained by Imperas and is very fast (hundreds of meg of instructions per second), and built to handle multicore homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures and systems.

There is a freely available MIPS32 simulator (before versions simulated only the R2000/R3000) chosen SPIM for utilize in instruction. EduMIPS64[44] is a GPL graphical cantankerous-platform MIPS64 CPU simulator, written in Java/Swing. It supports a wide subset of the MIPS64 ISA and allows the user to graphically see what happens in the pipeline when an assembly program is run by the CPU.

MARS[45] is another GUI-based MIPS emulator designed for utilise in education, specifically for use with Hennessy'southward Reckoner Organization and Design.

WebMIPS[46] is a browser-based MIPS simulator with visual representation of a generic, pipelined processor. This simulator is quite useful for register tracking during step past step execution.

QtMips[47] [48] [49] provides simple v-stages pipeline visualization every bit well as cache principle visualization for basic calculator architectures courses. Windows, Linux, macOS and online version is available.

More advanced free emulators are bachelor from the GXemul (formerly known every bit the mips64emul projection) and QEMU projects. These emulate the various MIPS 3 and IV microprocessors in improver to entire computer systems which employ them.

Commercial simulators are available specially for the embedded use of MIPS processors, for example Air current River Simics (MIPS 4Kc and 5Kc, PMC RM9000, QED RM7000, Broadcom/Netlogic ec4400, Cavium Octeon I), Imperas (all MIPS32 and MIPS64 cores), VaST Systems (R3000, R4000), and CoWare (the MIPS4KE, MIPS24K, MIPS25Kf and MIPS34K).

The Creator simulator[50] [51] [52]is portable and allows the user to acquire various assembly languages of different processors (Creator has examples with an implementation of MIPS32 and RISC-V instructions).

WepSIM[53] is a browser-based simulator where a subset of MIPS instructions are micro-programmed. This simulator is very useful in order to learn how a CPU works (microprogramming, MIPS routines, traps, interruptions, system calls, etc.).

See also [edit]

  • DLX
  • List of MIPS architecture processors
  • MIPS compages processors
  • Pipeline (computing)
  • Prpl Foundation

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Farquhar, Erin; Philip Bunce (1994). MIPS Developer'south Handbook. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBNane-55860-297-6.
  • Patterson, David A; John L. Hennessy (2004). Figurer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface . Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN1-55860-604-1.
  • Sweetman, Dominic (1999). Run across MIPS Run. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN1-55860-410-3.
  • Sweetman, Dominic (2007). Come across MIPS Run, 2nd edition. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN978-0-12-088421-6.

External links [edit]

  • MIPS Processors
  • MIPS Architecture history diagram at the Wayback Automobile (archived 2013-05-30)
  • Online MIPS emulator
  • MIPS Instructions - MIPS Educational activity Gear up

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture

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